By The Koshi River, often termed the “Sorrow of Bihar,” has exhibited a troubling pattern of annual flooding leading up to 2023. This persistent deluge has profoundly impacted indigenous communities, particularly the Majhi people residing in Sisauli Tappu. The escalating frequency and intensity of these floods have disrupted traditional livelihoods, prompted mass migrations, and threatened the rich biodiversity of the region.
Impact on the Majhi Community
The Majhi, historically dependent on fishing and boating, have seen their way of life upended. Elder community member Fulmaya Majhi, in her late 60s, recalls a time when the river was a source of sustenance and income. “Boating and fishing were our mainstay,” she reminisces. “Now, my grandchildren seek opportunities abroad, and without agricultural land, we rely on labor jobs or foreign employment.” Her family of twelve recently faced a devastating flood that destroyed their home, and they are still in the process of rebuilding.
The changing river dynamics have also led to the emergence of multiple islands due to sedimentation and altered flow patterns. These geographical shifts have made traditional boating routes hazardous. Manisha Majhi, Fulmaya’s 18-year-old granddaughter, recounts a harrowing incident: “Last year, during heavy rainfall, the connecting river to the main city flooded. Our wooden boat capsized in the extreme current, and we barely survived.” This traumatic experience has left lasting psychological scars on the community.
Biodiversity and Environmental Changes
The region’s rich biodiversity, once a hallmark of Sisauli Tappu, is under threat. The Tappu, known for its avian diversity, has witnessed a decline in bird populations over the past five years. Samjhana Majhi, 26, notes, “We used to see a variety of migratory birds. Now, their numbers have dwindled.” Unsustainable fishing practices, such as electrofishing, have further depleted fish stocks, undermining the primary livelihood of the Majhi community. Prem Subedi, a 43-year-old resident, laments, “Our traditional fishing methods are dying. Electrofishing has reduced fish populations drastically, and the government isn’t taking action.”
Migration and Socio-Economic Shifts
The relentless flooding and environmental degradation have compelled many, especially the youth, to migrate to urban centers like Itahari, Biratnagar, and Jhapa in search of better opportunities. This exodus has left behind a predominantly female population, as men seek employment elsewhere. The community’s traditional professions are no longer viable, forcing a shift to labor-intensive jobs and foreign employment. The lack of agricultural land on the islands exacerbates their economic vulnerability.
Infrastructure Challenges
Infrastructure in Sisauli Tappu remains rudimentary. Baljit Majhi, 50, highlights the perennial struggle: “Every year, we have to change routes because floods disrupt pathways and waterways. We’ve adapted by relocating homes to higher grounds, but without proper transportation infrastructure, our challenges persist.” The community has developed indigenous strategies for resilience, but external support and sustainable infrastructure development are sorely needed.
Calls for Intervention
The Majhi community’s plight underscores the urgent need for comprehensive mitigation strategies. They advocate for government intervention, including training and workshops on disaster management and sustainable livelihood practices. Collaborative efforts between local authorities and organizations like the Saptakoshi Indigenous Peoples Forum are essential to preserve the cultural heritage and ensure the survival of indigenous communities in the face of climate-induced adversities.
This case study, conducted by youth climate advocate Monica Neupane, sheds light on the broader implications of environmental degradation and economic instability in Nepal. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that integrates social, environmental, and economic strategies to build resilient communities.
-Written by Monica Neupane
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